Cognitive Decline

Across three large, non-overlapping randomized trials within the COSMOS study family (total n≈6,400 older adults), daily multivitamin-mineral supplementation produced a small but statistically significant and consistently replicated benefit on global cognition and episodic memory, equivalent to roughly 2–3 years less age-related decline; it has shown no benefit for mortality in separate, larger trials.

Combined aerobic-and-resistance training programmes improve cognitive test scores in older adults and in people with type 2 diabetes, though most direct evidence combines modalities rather than isolating resistance training alone.

In mild cognitive impairment it probably has little or no effect (Cochrane 2026); maker-run trials in mild dementia are more positive.

A 2022 systematic review/meta-analysis found higher Mediterranean-diet adherence associated with lower risk of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in cohort studies, and pooled RCT data showed a small but significant improvement in episodic and working memory versus lower adherence.